Practice Area: Wills

There is a common misconception that the government takes assets if someone dies without a will. Fortunately, this is not the case as long as at least one living relative is left to inherit under Pennsylvania law. But what happens if there are no living relatives?

When an individual dies without a will, they die "intestate." As a result, your assets become subject to intestate succession. An estate attorney can provide more insight. But, equally important, they can work with you to ensure your assets don't become subject to intestate succession.

Intestate Succession Law in Pennsylvania

A will includes written instructions on how to distribute certain assets. However, Pennsylvania Intestate Succession Law (20 P.S. § 2101 et seq.) provides an order of inheritance to distribute estate probate assets held solely in the decedent's (deceased) name.

PA Intestate Succession laws, however, do not govern the passing of non-probate assets such as:

• jointly owned property with survivorship rights
• certain assets with the named beneficiary (such as Transfer/Payable Upon Death accounts)
• life insurance accounts
• retirement accounts

These non-probate assets become the property of the surviving owner, or beneficiary, by law. In addition, they’re accessible without the appointment of a personal representative. So, they do not constitute a part of an estate.

The Succession of Assets Through Intestate

If any probate assets remain after payment of all estate obligations, PA distributes them through intestate succession. As a result, the net balance of an estate passes to the surviving heirs based on their relationship to the decedent and in succession as follows:

1. The surviving spouse receives the entire estate if the decedent has no descendants or parents.
2. The spouse receives the first $30,000 of the estate plus half the remaining estate if a decedent has no descendants but is survived by their spouse and at least one parent. The surviving parent or parents receive the other half of the remaining estate.
3. With children, the decedent's spouse receives the first $30,000 plus one-half of the remaining estate. The decedent's children, children's children, etc., who are descendants of the surviving spouse, receive the other half of the remaining estate.
4. If a spouse survives a descendant and none or at least one of the surviving descendants is not a descendant of the surviving spouse, the spouse will receive one-half of the estate, and the other half estate will pass to the surviving descendants.
5. If there is no surviving spouse, the descendants of the descendant receive the entire estate.
6. If a spouse or descendants do not survive a decedent, the decedent's parents receive the assets. After that, the assets sequentially fall to Siblings, then Grandparents, then Uncles/Aunts, then Respective children and grandchildren.
7. As mentioned above, the estate only passes to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania without surviving relatives.

Protecting Your Assets

As stated above, while the government does not typically claim the assets of individuals who die without a will in Pennsylvania, there are still steps you can take to protect your assets. But, more importantly, you can ensure they get distributed according to your wishes.

First and foremost, you should create a will. A will is a legal document that outlines how you want to distribute your assets after you die. By creating a will, you can ensure that your assets get distributed according to your wishes rather than relying on intestate succession laws.

In addition to creating a will, you should consider other estate planning tools, such as trusts. A trust is a legal arrangement in which a trustee manages your assets on behalf of your beneficiaries. Trusts help to avoid probate, reduce taxes, and protect your assets from creditors.

Talk to an Estate Attorney or Will Lawyer in Our Law Offices

Please note that there are plenty of benefits to having a will other than just naming the beneficiaries of your estate. If you want to discuss your needs, don't hesitate to contact our law offices and their estate planning attorneys at (610) 275-0700. You can also fill out our contact form.

High Swartz LLP and our lawyers have proudly assisted clients with preparing estate plans and administrating the decedent's estates for over 100 years.

Married without a will in Pennsylvania?  Do you think your surviving spouse will inherit everything?  Think Again. 

For those assets that are not disposed of by Will, or by a beneficiary designation (i.e., 401(k), insurance proceeds, IRA) or by survivorship rights (i.e., tenancy by the entirety, joint tenancy with right of survivorship), Pennsylvania’s intestate law determines the person who will receives those assets.

For many married individuals, this may not be an issue because all of your assets are either titled jointly as tenancy by the entirety or joint tenancy with right of survivorship or your spouse is the primary beneficiary of your retirement benefits.  Good for you, you may not have an issue.

But, what if you are the sole owner of real estate? Or what if you own a business? Or what if you forgot to update your beneficiary designations?  Or what if you are the sole owner of bank accounts or brokerage accounts?  Ooops… without a Will your spouse may not inherit those assets.

Many states, including Pennsylvania, have laws called “intestate laws” that determine who receives your assets and the amount that those people receive.  So for example, if you are married, your surviving spouse does not receive all of your assets.  Instead, the intestate amount may be divided between your spouse and your children or your spouse and your surviving parents.  It all depends on who is living at the time of your death and their relationship to you.

Let’s take a look at the diagram below:

Take a look at the first branch of the chart, the entire intestate estate. If there are no surviving parents of the deceased spouse and there are no surviving descendants, then the surviving spouse will inherit the entire intestate estate.  A descendant is a person that is direct line to an ancestor, think children, grandchildren, great grandchildren and on forever.

Now let’s look at the middle branch, $30,000 + 1/2 of the intestate estate. If there are descendants that belong to both the deceased spouse and the surviving spouse, then those descendants are entitled to 1/2 of the remaining intestate estate.  The surviving spouse will receive the first $30,000 of the intestate estate and 1/2 of the balance. If there are no descendants, but there are surviving parents of the deceased spouse, then the surviving parents will receive 1/2 of the remaining intestate estate.

In the last branch, 1/2 of the intestate estate, if there are descendants and those descendants are only directly in line to the deceased spouse and not directly in line to the surviving spouse, then the surviving spouse will only receive 1/2 of the intestate estate.  The remaining intestate estate will go to those descendants of the deceased spouse.

As you can see the surviving spouse does not always take all.  This is why it is vitally important to contact an estate attorney and have a plan in place that includes a Last Will & Testament.

The information above is general: we recommend that you consult an attorney regarding your specific circumstances.  The content of this information is not meant to be considered as legal advice or a substitute for legal representation.

What are the 5 Most Important Estate Planning Documents?

Noted author and financial planner Suze Orman says, "Estate planning is an important and everlasting gift you can give your family." And she's right. But if you create one, you need to do it right. So first, talk with an estate attorney. Second, make sure your plan includes the five most important estate planning documents.

When it comes to those documents, the average person immediately thinks about a last will. And yes, that's one of the five most important estate planning documents. But unfortunately, the average person often stops at will creation.

A comprehensive estate plan considers these 5 essential documents:

1. Last will and testament
2. A durable power of attorney
3. A medical power of attorney
4. Revocable trust
5. Living will

An estate planning attorney can assist you in drafting these crucial planning documents.

Beneficiary Designations

Another important factor when addressing estate planning is establishing who will get your assets and designating beneficiaries. Again, an estate attorney can guide you in selecting beneficiaries.

A beneficiary designation determines who will get life insurance policies, IRAs, 401(k)s, and other types of financial accounts upon your death. Once assigned, your executor or executrix, upon your death, ensures that your beneficiaries receive assets per your designations.

Beneficiaries may be different than those named in your last will and testament. You can also have multiple beneficiaries in your estate plan.

For example, assets can divide among more than one primary beneficiary. In addition, you can include multiple secondary beneficiaries if a primary beneficiary dies before you, can't be located, or refuses to accept the asset.

Beneficiaries fall into three categories:

• Eligible designated beneficiaries (see below for types of EDBs)
• Designated beneficiaries
• Non-designated beneficiaries

In addition, eligible designated beneficiaries cover five individual types:

1. The account owner's surviving spouse
2. A child who is younger than 18 years of age
3. A disabled individual
4. A chronically ill individual
5. A person not more than ten years younger than the deceased IRA owner

If a living person named as a retirement account beneficiary does not fall into these five categories, they are considered a designated beneficiary.

The Most Important Estate Planning Documents

Now that you understand beneficiary designations, let's move on to the five most important estate planning documents.

1. Last Will and Testament

So, let's start with the most prominent document, your last will and testament. It states who receives your assets after death. It also assigns the person managing the will (an executor or executrix), your beneficiaries, and guardians for your minor children, if any. To that point, you need to take the time to determine your executor or executrix, as they will handle everything associated with your estate.

Where assets are concerned, your will determines where your assets will go. These assets can be money, real estate, possessions, or anything else you want to designate a beneficiary.

Your will also presents how your estate pays off debts. That relieves the burden on your loved ones. A common concern of clients during the initial estate planning process is what happens with debt from the estate. We've addressed that answer here.

Keep this in mind. Your will must be executed properly and based on state laws. It must also clearly state how you bequeath your assets. Otherwise, someone could contest your will, or your assets will be in probate court. So rather than taking the do-it-yourself approach with a web-based template, you might consider using a will lawyer or estate planning attorney.

2. Durable Power of Attorney

A durable power of attorney (POA) document, also referred to as financial power of attorney, assigns someone to manage your finances should you become incapacitated or suffer memory loss. Apart from finances, a POA designates someone to handle your legal and business matters.

The person you appoint is known as your agent or attorney-in-fact. They can be a friend or even an attorney. Your agent handles any number of affairs:

1. Buying and selling property
2. Managing finances, including bank accounts, bills, and investment
3. Tax matters
4. Applying for government benefits

A power of attorney document saves your family from petitioning the court to become your conservator. So, this simple estate planning document saves time, money, and hassles.

3. Medical Power of Attorney

Although a chief consideration of any estate plan focuses on your finances and assets, a good estate planning document addresses medical or healthcare decisions. A medical power of attorney document determines who makes medical care decisions on your behalf should you become incapacitated.

Typically, a healthcare POA gets created in conjunction with a living will. Indeed, they can be in the same document as both focus on your medical care. Both documents classify as advanced healthcare directives that address your medical care.

As with a POA, that person is known as an attorney-in-fact. Generally, you assign it to a family member such as your spouse or adult child. But you can elect to give it to anyone.

Similar to a durable power of attorney, without this estate planning document, your family faces court time and costs to petition for guardianship so that they can make medical decisions for you. Your estate planning attorney can ensure this document gets executed properly to address your wishes.

4. Living Will

A living will document presents another advanced healthcare directive that addresses your end-of-life treatment and care. Specifically, it outlines the procedures, medications, and treatments you want, or don't want, to prolong your life if you're incapable of addressing those issues with your doctor.

Your living will addresses numerous considerations:

1. Tube Feeding: Do you want to be tube fed to prolong your life? If so, for how long?
2. Resuscitation: What happens if your heart stops? Do you want medical staff to conduct CPR? Or do you want a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order in your living will?
3. Intubation: You can determine if and how long you want to be intubated and placed on a mechanical ventilator.
4. Pain Management: Your living will presents what pain management and medications you want. You can also determine whether you wish to die at home.
5. Organ Donation: You can elect to donate organs for transplant following your death in your living will.

Without this document, your loved ones will have to determine your treatment, which burdens them with difficult choices.

You can access living will templates on the web. But considering the importance of this document, it's worth talking with an estate planning attorney to ensure you capture all the details correctly. And that the document is legally sound.

5. Revocable Trust

That brings us to the last of the five most important estate planning documents – a revocable trust. Unfortunately, these documents can be a bit more complex.

At its core, a revocable trust allows you to pass your assets over time. Best of all, a trust avoids probate. Equally important, because it's revocable, you can change or terminate the trust anytime.

You become a grantor, trustor, or settlor by creating the trust. As the grantor, you are also the trustee and primary beneficiary during your lifetime. Although it offers no tax benefits, it does accomplish several things:

1. Privacy: As mentioned above, the primary purpose of a revocable trust is to avoid probate, where our assets get distributed at death. However, the probate process is public. So, by avoiding probate, you maintain privacy.
2. Aligns with Your Wishes: Similar to a will, a revocable trust distributes assets. But you can amend limitlessly. So, you can change your asset distribution at any time.
3. Beneficiary Protection: A revocable trust provides creditor protection as long as the assets remain in the trust upon death.
4. Estate Tax: A revocable trust may reduce state estate taxes if you live in a state with an additional estate tax. Fortunately, Pennsylvania has no extra state tax.

Estate Planning isn't Easy.

Creating an effective estate plan is complex. That's why you should enlist the support of an estate planning attorney. They'll ensure you have the proper documents, that each gets appropriately executed, and that each complies with state laws.

High Swartz has experienced estate attorneys versed in advanced healthcare directives, inheritance tax, probate, estate litigation, and more. We have law offices in Bucks County and Montgomery County, PA.

We'll make sure your estate plan covers all the bases, so you know all your wishes will be met.

Accessing the digital assets of a loved one after they have passed can be difficult. Below are some tips to make it easier for everyone.

In the age of Covid-19, most of us do everything electronically. Banking, communicating, paying bills, shopping, storing important papers, photos and contacts, filing taxes, keeping a calendar and reminders, sports betting, dating….the list goes on. But where does all of that electronic content go and who can access it for me? What happens if I go on an “extended vacation” - physically, mentally or permanently? Well, things can get messy if you’re not prepared. An estate attorney can support you, however, with your efforts.

I used to tell my partner (half-jokingly) if anything happened to me, to keep my thumb so he could open my phone and computer, to gain access to my accounts/passwords (digital assets) with my fingerprint. Unfortunately, that plan won’t work with the upgrade to facial recognition security, unless he wants to face some tough questioning by the police. And not to mention, the Criminal Fraudulent Access Act prohibits the impersonation of a decedent. So what is he supposed to do when clues of assets and liabilities no longer come through the mail and there is no way to do a global search of assets?

In comes the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA), effective January 19, 2021, with a default rule, to help address the frequent challenges fiduciaries (trustees) encounter in accessing the digital assets of a Ward or Decedent.

What is a digital asset?

A digital asset is defined as an electronic record that an individual has a right to or interest in, but not the underlying asset itself (unless we are talking about Bitcoin and the like). For instance, my online bank statement is a digital asset, but the money in the account is not.

The default rule under RUFUDAA, provides methods for a fiduciary to access a catalog of electronic communications and other types of digital assets, but not the content.

What is a catalogue of electronic communication?

A catalog of electronic communication “identifies” the person communicating and the electronic address, along with the date and time of the communication. The substance of the communication is not accessible under RUFUDAA.

How can you access a catalogue of electronic communication of a decedent?

In order for a fiduciary to access the content of electronic communications (documents, photos, emails, basically any information concerning the meaning of the communication stored electronically), the user must specifically do so by an online tool (Facebook and Google have these tools) or in an estate planning document.

What if the online tool and estate documents don’t match?

If the online designations conflict with the estate planning documents, the online designation controls. More importantly, the Custodian’s Terms of Service will control what the fiduciary may or may not do with your digital assets.

Tips for legacy planning of your online accounts

Google.

For accounts that have legacy planning, like Google and Facebook, designate a person who can access your data. You can customize the information you want to share, with up to 10 people, if your account is inactive for a designated period of time (3-18 months).

Facebook.

Under memorialization settlings, you can designate a legacy contact who can manage your account after you pass away.

Financial Powers of Attorney.

Have your Financial Powers of Attorney updated to provide your Agent with authority to specifically access digital asset content.

Wills and/or Trusts.

Update these documents to provide your fiduciary with authority to specifically access digital asset content.

• If you find yourself in Orphans’ Court on a guardianship matter, make sure to include language requesting Custodians of digital assets to disclose a catalogue of electronic communications and digital content to the Guardian of the Estate of the Incapacitated Person, in the proposed Order.

Write it down.

As an estate attorney, I give all of my clients the same homework assignment- which always starts off with “Make a binder with the below outline in mind. Identify automatic debits and payments and keep an inventory of digital and cybersecurity assets. Keep a hard copy and a digital copy, and give your estate planning attorney a copy to secure in the law firm’s vault.

The binder should include:

• A list of logins and passwords for each of your devices (phone, tablet, watch etc.)
• A list of all online accounts with user names and passwords
  Banks (brick & mortar and online banks)
• Social media
  • Facebook
  • Pinterest
  • LinkedIn
  • Twitter
  • Snapchat
  • TikTok
• Email addresses
• Online shopping sites
• Online Bill Pay
  • Utilities
  • Phone
  • Internet
• Payment Services
  • Paypal
  • Venmo
  • Google Pay
  • Stripe
  • Square

Talk to Our Estate Planning Attorneys

Estate planning is an essential task regardless of your assets. Our estate planning attorneys are here to help. We can work with you to draft critical estate plan documents like a POA, will, living will, and more. Give our local law offices a call. We represent clients in Bucks, Montgomery, and Philadelphia counties.